Thank you for the translations!

Oh, I see what you mean. I'll add random tests.

Update: Added the random test cases. Thanks!

It is solvable without the particular math background, but it could possibly be a lot harder without it (some not-too-hard optimizations required).
What is the second solution you are talking about?
Thanks.

Edit: actually, I think the math is required in all languages which are not designed to run fast. I think that it's in the realm for a fast language like C++ though.

All right, the sample test code was missing a semicolon. I fixed it; sorry for the inconvenience.